Brain injuries: what to watch for and what to do

A hit to the head can feel minor at first but become serious fast. Brain injuries range from mild concussions to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). This page gives clear, practical steps for spotting trouble, getting help, and starting recovery. No jargon—just what you need to know right now.

Signs and first steps

After a head bump, watch for these warning signs: loss of consciousness, repeated vomiting, worsening headache, confusion, slurred speech, one pupil larger than the other, weakness or numbness on one side, or seizures. Even if someone seems okay, changes in sleep, memory, balance, mood, or concentration over the next 24–72 hours can mean a problem.

If any major sign appears, call emergency services or go to the ER. For milder symptoms, stay with the person for 24 hours, avoid alcohol and sedatives, and seek medical advice if symptoms grow. Don’t try to judge severity only by how the person looks—medical scans and exams are needed to rule out internal bleeding or swelling.

Treatment and early care

In the hospital, doctors may use CT or MRI scans to check for bleeding or swelling. Treatment can include observation, medication to reduce swelling or prevent seizures, and sometimes surgery to remove a hematoma. For concussions, the main tools are rest (both physical and mental) and a gradual return to normal activities under medical guidance.

Ask your provider about follow-up care: repeat imaging, neurology or concussion clinic referrals, and instructions for returning to work, school, or sports. Keep a simple symptom diary—note headaches, sleep changes, mood shifts, and thinking problems. That record helps doctors track recovery and adjust treatment.

Recovery often needs more than medical checks. Physical therapy helps balance and strength. Occupational therapy teaches ways to manage daily tasks. Speech therapy helps with memory, attention, or communication. Mental health support matters too—anxiety and depression are common after brain injury and deserve treatment.

Prevention matters. Wear helmets for biking, motorcycling, and contact sports. Use seatbelts and child seats properly. Make homes fall-safe—secure rugs, add handrails, and keep walkways clear. For athletes, follow guidelines on returning to play and don’t ignore a suspected concussion.

If you’re supporting someone after a brain injury, be patient and specific. Offer written instructions, break tasks into small steps, and expect ups and downs. Ask their medical team for practical coping strategies. For long-term issues, look for local rehab centers, support groups, and online resources that match the person’s age and needs.

Want deeper reading? Check articles on cerebral palsy support and emotional care, plus guides on medications and rehab options across our site for related tips and reliable info.